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1
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Digital Transmission Technologies
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1.1
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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy—Technology with Fluctuations
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1.1.1
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PDH Transmission Rates
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1.1.2
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2 Mbps—Structured or Transparent?
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1.1.3
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Multiplexing—A Bit, Please
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1.2
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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy—Simple and Brilliant
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1.2.1
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SDH Transmission Rates
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1.2.2
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Why SDH? —PDH and SDH in Comparison
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1.2.3
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SDH Networks in an Overview
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1.2.4
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Important Standards in the SDH Environment
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1.3
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Synchronous Optical Network—The American SDH Variant
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2
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The Basics of SDH
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2.1
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Basic Rate—STM-1
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2.1.1
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STM-1 Overhead
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2.1.2
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Multiplexing Overview
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2.2
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Transport Units
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2.2.1
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Containers and Virtual Containers
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2.2.2
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Tributary Units and Tributary Unit Groups
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2.2.3
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Administrative Units
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2.2.4
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Administrative Unit Group (SONET)
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2.2.5
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Generation of a Higher Order Container
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2.3
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Highest Bit Rates—From STM-4 to STM-256
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2.3.1
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STM-4 Multiplexing
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2.3.2
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Concatenation—STM-4c
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3
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SDH in Practical Application
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3.1
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Implementation of Different Leased Line Connections
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3.1.1
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Mapping E4 in VC-4
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3.1.2
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Mapping E3 in VC-3
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3.1.3
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Mapping E1 in VC-12
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3.2
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ATM over SDH
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3.2.1
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An Insight into ATM
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3.2.2
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Come Together—ATM over SDH
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3.2.3
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Mapping ATM Cells
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3.3
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Ethernet over SDH
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3.3.1
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An Insight into Ethernet
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3.3.2
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Mapping via GFP
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3.3.3
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Ethernet and Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
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3.3.4
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Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation with LCAS
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3.4
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IP over SDH—Packet over SONET
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3.4.1
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An Insight into the IP World
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3.4.2
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Mapping of IP Packets
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3.5
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WDM—Wavelengths Ahead
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3.5.1
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Advantages of WDM
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3.5.2
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SDH and WDM
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3.6
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Overhead—Basis for Network Monitoring
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3.6.1
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Section Overhead—Bytes and Meaning
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3.6.2
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Path Overhead—Tasks and Function
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4
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SDH Technology
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4.1
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Pointers—Synchronization of the Payload
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4.1.1
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Structure of a Pointer
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4.1.2
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Tasks of a Pointer
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4.1.3
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Pointer Changes
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4.1.4
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AU Pointers
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4.1.5
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TU Pointers
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4.2
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Functioning and Application of the Network Elements
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4.2.1
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Functional Blocks in SDH Devices
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4.2.2
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Terminal Multiplexers
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4.2.3
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Add/Drop Multiplexers
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4.2.4
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Cross-Connect Systems
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4.2.5
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Preview: Optical Network Elements
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4.3
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Measurement Technology Instead of Witchcraft
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4.3.1
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Transport Test
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4.3.2
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Jitter Tests
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4.3.3
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Pointer Tests
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5
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Design and Management of SDH Networks
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5.1
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Network Design
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5.1.1
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The SDH Network Model
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5.1.2
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Rings or Mesh
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5.2
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Clock Generation—For Whom the Bell Tolls
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5.2.1
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Clock Sources—There Can Be Only One
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5.2.2
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Rules for Clock Distribution
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5.2.3
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Configuration Examples
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5.3
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Network Protection—Self-Healing Rings
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5.3.1
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Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
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5.3.2
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Path Protection
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5.3.3
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Line Protection
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5.3.4
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MS Shared Protection Rings
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5.3.5
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Ring Interconnection
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5.3.6
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Hardware Protection and Node Failure
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5.4
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Network Management
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5.4.1
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The SDH Information Model
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5.4.2
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Monitoring Functions
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5.4.3
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Alarms and Error Sources
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6
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Exercises on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
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6.1
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Link Allocation of STM-1
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6.2
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Overhead Tasks
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6.3
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Equivalent Circuits in the Case of Errors
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6.3.1
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Path and Line Protection
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6.3.2
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MS-SPRing
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6.3.3
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Node Failure
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6.3.4
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Failure of Nodes and Trunks in Meshed Networks
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A
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Standards of the CCITT/ITU-T
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