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1
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Routing Concepts
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1.1
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Data Transport
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1.1.1
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Routing Decision
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1.1.2
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A Routing Table
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1.1.3
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Properties of IP Routing
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1.2
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Routing Protocols
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1.2.1
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Classification of Routing Protocols
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1.2.2
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Static or Dynamic Routing
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1.2.3
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CIDR—Classless Inter-Domain Routing
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1.2.4
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Redistribution: Importing Routes
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2
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RIP—The Classic
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2.1
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RIP: The Basics
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2.1.1
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Hop Count as Metric
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2.1.2
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Convergence Problems
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2.2
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RIP-1 and RIP-2
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2.2.1
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The Role of the Next Hop Field
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2.2.2
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Authentication
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2.3
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Packet Formats
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2.3.1
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RIP Version 2
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2.3.2
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Encapsulation of the RIP Updates
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3
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
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3.1
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Cisco’s Enhanced IGRP
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3.1.1
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The Theory
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3.1.2
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EIGRP—The Functional Components
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3.1.3
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Topology Setup
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3.2
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The Central Function: Diffusing Computation
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3.2.1
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An Example: The Initial Situation
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3.2.2
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EIGRP Stub
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4
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OSPF—The Recommended IGP
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4.1
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The Link State Algorithm
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4.1.1
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Topology Database
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4.1.2
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Scalability and Hierarchy
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4.1.3
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Hello Procedure
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4.2
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OSPF: Theoretical Basics
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4.2.1
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Representation of the Topology
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4.2.2
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Adjacencies on Point-to-Point Connections
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4.2.3
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Adjacencies in the LAN
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4.2.4
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The Hello Procedure in Detail
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4.2.5
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Database Synchronization in Detail
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4.2.6
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Special Care: NBMA
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4.2.7
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Database Update
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4.2.8
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Case Study: 1-Area Scenario
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4.3
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The Area Philosophy
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4.3.1
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Router Types
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4.3.2
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Intra- and Inter-Area Routing
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4.3.3
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The Example: One Step Beyond
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4.3.4
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Virtual Links
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4.4
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Import of External Information
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4.4.1
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Type-1 External Routes
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4.4.2
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Type-2 External Routes
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4.4.3
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AS External Links
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4.4.4
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Summary Links ASBR
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4.5
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Optimizations
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4.5.1
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Stub Areas
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4.5.2
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Not-so-Stubby Area (NSSA)
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4.5.3
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On-Demand Circuits
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5
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IS-IS
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5.1
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IS-IS—The World of OSI
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5.1.1
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The OSI Model
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5.1.2
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OSI Addresses
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5.2
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Basics of IS-IS
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5.2.1
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Creation of the Topology Information
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5.2.2
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Topology Setup
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5.2.3
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OSI Routing with IS-IS
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5.2.4
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IS Routing with IS-IS
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5.2.5
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Import of External Information
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5.2.6
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L2 Design
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5.3
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IS-IS: Formalia and Details
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5.3.1
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The IS-IS Packet Formats
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5.3.2
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The Hello Process
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5.3.3
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Database Synchronization
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6
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BGP-4—The World of the Internet
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6.1
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BGP-4: The Basics
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6.1.1
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Autonomous Systems
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6.1.2
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Specifications
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6.1.3
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Internal and External BGP
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6.1.4
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BGP Adjacencies at the Example of Cisco
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6.1.5
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What Is a BGP Route?
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6.1.6
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The BGP Routing Process
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6.1.7
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(IGP/IBGP) Synchronization
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6.1.8
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EBGP/IBGP Internetworking
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6.2
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The BGP-4 Attributes and their Meaning
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6.2.1
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The ORIGIN Attribute
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6.2.2
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The AS_PATH Attribute
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6.2.3
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The NEXT_HOP Attribute
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6.2.4
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The MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute
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6.2.5
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The LOCAL_PREF Attribute
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6.2.6
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The COMMUNITY Attribute
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6.2.7
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Route Selection
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6.3
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Optimization of BGP in Large Networks
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6.3.1
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Route Aggregation
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6.3.2
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BGP Peer Groups
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6.3.3
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The Full Mesh Concept
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6.3.4
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The Route Reflector Concept
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6.3.5
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The Confederation Concept
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6.3.6
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A Just Punishment: Route Flap Damping
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6.4
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Connection Scenarios
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6.4.1
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Example #1: ISP with Confederation
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6.4.2
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Load Sharing
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6.4.3
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The Question of Address Space
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6.5
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Topology of the Internet
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6.5.1
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NAPs and Internet Exchanges
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6.5.2
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Route Server
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6.5.3
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Providing and Peering
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7
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MPLS
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7.1
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From Routing to Switching
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7.1.1
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Routing Table and Best Match
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7.1.2
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Switching Table
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7.2
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Multiprotocol Label Switching
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7.2.1
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Elements of the MPLS Network
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7.2.2
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Shim Header
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7.2.3
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The Switching Table
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7.3
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Label Distribution
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7.4
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MPLS and BGP Routing
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7.5
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MPLS vs. IP over ATM
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7.6
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Virtual Private Networks
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7.7
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IntServ with MPLS
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7.8
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DiffServ with MPLS
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7.9
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Prospects for MPLS
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A
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Hands-On Exercises at the Test Network
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A.1
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The Test Network
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A.2
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RIP
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A.3
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OSPF
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A.4
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IS-IS
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A.5
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BGP -4
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A.6
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MPLS
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